By Ganapathy Shanmugam, Ph.D. Deep Ocean Currents have been well documented in the World’s Oceans ((Heezen, Hollister and Ruddiman, 1966; Hollister, 1967; Pequegnat et al. 1972; Shepard et al. 1979; Shanmugam, 2016, 2017, 2021). Although there are claims of impact of CO2 on deep ocean currents, there are no published empirical data on measurements of… Continue Reading
By Ganapathy Shanmugam, Ph.D. The recent U.S./Israel-Iran War, which began on February 28, 2026, triggered the closure of the Strait of Hormuz—the world’s most critical oil chokepoint—halting roughly 20% of global petroleum liquids supply and effectively stopping oil and LNG exports from the Persian Gulf. This sudden disruption has caused sharp price spikes in fossil… Continue Reading