R. Louw Chemical Engineer, Stokesley, England W. A. van Wijngaarden Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Canada W. Happer Department of Physics, Princeton University, USA November 27, 2025 Abstract The main determinants of Earth’s absolute surface temperature, T, are the solar constant, S, the Bond albedo, A, and the effective emissivity for thermal radiation,… Continue Reading
By W. A. van Wijngaarden and W. Happer January 2, 2025 Abstract We briefly review the dominant role of clouds in Earth’s climate. The earliest observational studies of heat transfer through Earth’s atmosphere, for example, those of John Leslie around 1800, showed that clouds have a large effect on radiative heat transfer from Earth’s surface… Continue Reading